Araucaria. Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofía, Política y Humanidades   |   Año 4, Nº 7 Primer semestre de 2002

Monográficos: El largo plazo en la política comparada

La transición a la política de masas en América Latina

Gerardo L. Munck

 

Resumen:

El presente artículo estudia la transición a una política basada en las masas en América Latina como un modo de comenzar a abordar la falta de teorización sobre los casos no europeos de democratización y democracia anteriores a 1974. El mismo ofrece un modelo de coyunturas críticas y trayectorias dependientes para el análisis de regímenes, y avanza la hipótesis de que los países latinoamericanos experimentaron una transición de la política oligárquica a una basada en las masas que representó una coyuntura crítica común, aunque las diferentes modalidades de transición a una tal política pusieron a los países en trayectorias diferentes, caracterizadas por dinámicas de régimen distintivas. Más en concreto, las diferentes modalidades de transición a una política basada en las masas, determinadas por el poder económico y político de la vieja élite social, desataron mecanismos diversos que determinaron tanto el tipo de régimen que surgió como la estabilidad de tales regímenes. Esta hipótesis se pone a prueba mediante un análisis comparativo sistemático de cinco casos: Argentina, México, Brasil, Colombia y Uruguay.

Abstract:

This article focuses on the transition to mass-based politics in Latin America as a way begin addressing the lack of theorizing about pre-1974 non-European cases of democratization and democracy. It offers a critical juncture/path dependence model for the analysis of regimes and advances the hypothesis that Latin American countries underwent a transition from oligarchic to mass-based politics that represented a common critical juncture yet that the different modalities of transition to mass-based politics put countries on different paths, characterized by distinct regime dynamics. More specifically, different modality of transition to mass-based politics, determined by the economic and political power of the old social elite, triggered different mechanisms, which were more or less conducive to both democracy and regime stability. This hypothesis is tested through a systematic comparative analysis of five cases: Argentina, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia and Uruguay.

 

Bibliografía:

Alberti, Giorgio (1997). "Democracy and Institution Building: Why is it so Difficult in Latin America?" Ponencia presentada en el XX Congreso Internacional de la Latin American Studies Association (LASA), Guadalajara, México, abril 17-19, 1997.

Allub, Leopoldo (ed.) (1983). Orígenes del autoritarismo en América Latina (México: Editorial Katún).

Archer, Ronald P. (1995). "Party Strength and Weakness in Colombia's Besieged Democracy," pp. 164-99, en Scott Mainwaring y Timothy Scully (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Bartolini, Stefano (2000). The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860-1980. The Class Cleavage (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Bendix, Reinhard (1978). Kings or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Bethell, Leslie (1992). "Brazil," pp. 33-65, en Leslie Bethell e Ian Roxborough (eds.), Latin America Between the Second World War and the Cold War, 1944-1948 (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Boström, Mikael (1989). "Political Waves in Latin America, 1940-1988," Ibero-Americana, Nordic Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. XIX, Nº 1: 3-19.

Cammack, Paul (1997). "Democracy and Dictatorship in Latin America, 1930-80," pp. 152-73, en David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh, y Paul Lewis (eds.), Democratization (Cambridge, Reino Unido: Polity Press/The Open University).

Cardoso, Fernando H. y Enzo Faletto (1979). Dependency and Development in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Campelo de Souza, María do Carmo (1976). Estado e Partidos Políticos no Brasil (1930-64) (San Pablo: Alfa e Omega)

Cavarozzi, Marcelo (1989). "El esquema partidario Argentino: Partidos viejos, sistema débil," pp. 297-334, en Cavarozzi y Manuel Antonio Garretón (eds.), Muerte y resurrección. Los partidos políticos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones en el Cono Sur (Santiago: FLACSO).

Cavarozzi, Marcelo (1992). "Patterns of Elite Negotiation and Confrontation in Argentina and Chile," pp. 208-36, en John Higley y Richard Gunther (eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Collier, Ruth Berins (1999). Paths Toward Democracy: Working Class and Elites in Western Europe and South America (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Collier, Ruth Berins y David Collier (1991). Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and the Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Coppedge, Michael (1998). "The Evolution of Latin American Party Systems," pp. 171-206, en Scott Mainwaring y Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), Politics, Society, and Democracy: Latin America (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press).

Cotler, Julio (1979). "State and Regime: Comparative Notes on the Southern Cone and the 'Enclave' Societies," pp. 255-82, en David Collier (ed.), The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Dahl, Robert (1971). Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press).

De Riz, Liliana (1989). "Política y partidos. Ejercicio de análisis comparado: Argentina, Chile, Brasil y Uruguay," pp. 35-78, en Marcelo Cavarozzi y Manuel Antonio Garretón (eds.), Muerte y resurección. Los partidos políticos en el autoritarismo y las transiciones en el Cono Sur (Santiago: FLACSO).

Dix, Robert H. (1980). "Consociational Democracy. The Case of Colombia," Comparative Politics Vol. 12 (abril): 303-21.

Downing, Brian M. (1992). The Military Revolution and Autocracy in Early Modern Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).

Ertman, Thomas (1997). Birth of the Leviathan: Building States and Regimes in Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Gereffi, Gary (1990). "Paths of Industrialization: An Overview," pp. 3-31, en Gary Gereffi y Don Wyman (eds.), Manufactured Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).

Gillespie, Charles (1992). "The Role of Civil-Military Pacts in Elite Settlements and Elite Convergence: Democratic Consolidation in Uruguay," pp. 178-207, en John Higley y Richard Gunther (eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Gillespie, Charles y Luis Eduardo González (1989). "Uruguay: The Survival of Old and Autonomous Institutions," pp. 207-45, en Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, y Seymour Martin Lipset (eds.), Democracy in Developing Countries. Volumen 4. Latin America (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).

González, Luis E. (1991). Political Structures and Democracy in Uruguay (Notre Dame, In.: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies/University of Notre Dame Press).
González, Luis E. (1995). "Continuity and Change in the Uruguayan Party System," pp. 138-63, en Scott Mainwaring y Timothy Scully (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

González, Luis E. y Charles Gillespie (1994). "Presidentialism and Democratic Stability in Uruguay?" pp. 151-78, en Juan J. Linz y Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy Volume 2. The Case of Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Haggard, Stephen (1990). Pathways from the Periphery. The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries (Ithaca, Nueva York: Cornell University Press).

Hartlyn, Jonathan (1989). "Colombia: The Politics of Violence and Accommodation," pp. 291-334, en Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, y Seymour Martin Lipset (eds.), Democracy in Developing Countries. Volume 4. Latin America (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).

Hartlyn, Jonathan y Arturo Valenzuela (1994). "Democracy in Latin America since 1930," pp. 99-162, en Leslie Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America Vol. VI. Latin America since 1930 Part 2. Politics and Society (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Huber, Evelyne y John D. Stephens (1995). "Conclusion: Agrarian Structures and Political Power in Comparative Perspective," pp. 183-232, en Evelyne Huber y Frank Safford (eds.), Agrarian Structure and Political Power. Landlord and Peasant in the Making of Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).

Huber, Evelyne y Frank Safford (eds.) (1995). Agrarian Structure and Political Power. Landlord and Peasant in the Making of Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).

Huntington, Samuel (1968). Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press).

Huntington, Samuel (1991). The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press).

Karl, Terry Lynn (1990). "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics Vol. 23, Nº 1 (octubre): 1-21.

Karl, Terry Lynn y Philippe Schmitter (1991). "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal Vol. 128 (mayo): 269-84.

Kaufman, Robert (1977a). "Mexico and Latin American Authoritarianism," pp. 193-232, en José L. Reyna and Richard Weinhert (eds.), Authoritarianism in Mexico (Filadelfia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues).

Kaufman, Robert (1977b). "Corporatism, Clientelism, and Partisan Conflict: A Study of Seven Latin American Countries," pp. 109-48, en James M. Malloy, (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).

Kaufman, Robert (1979). "Industrial Change and Authoritarian Rule in Latin America: A Concrete Review of the Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Model," pp. 165-253, en David Collier (ed.), The New Authoritarianism in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Kaufman, Robert (1990). "How Societies Change Development Models or Keep Them: Reflections on the Latin America Experience in the 1930s and the Postwar World" pp. 110-38, en Gary Gereffi y Don Wyman (eds.), Manufactured Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Knight, Alan (1992). "Mexico's Elite Settlement: Conjuncture and Consequences," pp. 113-45, en John Higley y Richard Gunther (eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Lamounier, Bolivar (1989). "Brazil: Inequality Against Democracy," pp. 111-57, en Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, y Seymour Martin Lipset (eds.), Democracy in Developing Countries. Volume 4. Latin America (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).

Lamounier, Bolivar (1994). "Brazil: Toward Parliamentarism?" pp. 179-219, en Juan J. Linz y Arturo Valenzuela (eds.), The Failure of Presidential Democracy Volume 2. The Case of Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Lijphart, Arend (1984). Democracies (New Haven, CT.: Yale University Press).

Linz, Juan y Alfred Stepan (eds.) (1978). The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Linz, Juan J. y Alfred Stepan (1996). Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Lipset, Seymour M. y Stein Rokkan (1967). "Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments: An Introduction," pp. 1-64, en Seymour M. Lipset y Stein Rokkan (eds.), Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives (Nueva York: Free Press).

Long, Norman y Bryan Roberts (1994). "The Agrarian Structure of Latin America, 1930-1990," pp. 325-90, en Leslie Bethell, (ed.), The Cambridge History of Latin America Vol. VI. Latin America since 1930 Part 1. Economy and Society (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Luebbert, Gregory M. (1991). Liberalism, Fascism, or Social Democracy. Social Classes and the Political Origins of Regimes in Interwar Europe (Nueva York: Oxford University Press).

Mahoney, James (2001). The Legacies of Liberalism: Path Dependence and Political Regimes in Central America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Mainwaring, Scott (1988). "Political Parties and Democratization in Brazil and the Southern Cone," Comparative Politics Vol. 21, Nº 1 (octubre): 91-120.

Mainwaring, Scott (1995). "Brazil. Weak Parties, Feckless Democracy," pp. 354-98, en Scott Mainwaring y Timothy Scully (eds.), Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Mann, Michael (1993). The Sources of Social Power, Vol. II: The Rise of Classes and Nation-States, 1760-1914 (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Markoff, John (1996). Waves of Democracy. Social Movements and Political Change (Thousand Oaks, Ca: Pine Forge Press).

McGuire, James W. (1997). Peronism Without Perón. Unions, Parties, and Democracy in Argentina (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Meyer, Lorenzo (1977). "Historical Roots of the Authoritarian State in Mexico," pp. 3-22, en José L. Reyna y Richard Weinhert (eds.), Authoritarianism in Mexico (Filadelfia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues Press).

Moore, Barrington (1966). Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press).

O'Donnell, Guillermo (1973). Modernization and Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Studies in South American Politics (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California).

O'Donnell, Guillermo (1978). "State and Alliances in Argentina, 1956-1976," Journal of Development Studies Vol. 15, Nº 1 (octubre): 3-33.

Paige, Jeffery M. (1997). Coffee and Power: Revolution and the Rise of Democracy in Central America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

Peeler, John (1992). "Elite Settlements and Democratic Consolidation: Colombia, Costa Rica, and Venezuela," pp. 81-112, en John Higley y Richard Gunther (eds.), Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Nueva York: Cambridge University Press).

Purcell, Susan Kaufman (1973). "Decision-Making in an Authoritarian Regime: Theoretical Implications from a Mexican Case Study," World Politics Vol. 26, Nº 1 (octubre): 28-54.

Rock, David (1975). Politics in Argentina, 1890-1930: The Rise and Fall of Radicalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Rokkan, Stein (1970). Citizens, Elections, and Parties: Approaches to the Comparative Study of the Processes of Development (Nueva York: David McKay).

Rouquié, Alain (1987). The Military and the State in Latin America (Berkeley: University of California Press).

Rueschemeyer, Dietrich; Evelyne Huber Stephens y John D. Stephens (1992). Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).

Schmitter, Philippe (1971). Interest Conflict and Political Change in Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Sheahan, John (1987). Patterns of Development in Latin America. Poverty, Repression and Economic Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Skidmore, Thomas (1967). Politics in Brazil, 1930-1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Nueva York: Oxford University Press).

Skidmore, Thomas (1977). "The Politics of Economic Stabilization in Postwar Latin America," pp. 149-90, en James M. Malloy (ed.), Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press).

Smith, Peter (1978). "The Breakdown of Democracy in Argentina, 1916-1930," pp. 3-27, en Juan J. Linz y Alfred Stepan (eds.), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Latin America (Baltimore y Londres: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Stepan, Alfred (1978). The State and Society. Peru in Comparative Perspective (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Stephens, John D. (1989). "Democratic Transition and Breakdown in Europe, 1870-1939: A Test of the Moore Thesis," American Journal of Sociology Vol. 94, Nº 5 (marzo) 1989: 1019-77.

Touraine, Alain (1987). Actores sociales y sistemas políticos en América Latina (Santiago de Chile: PREALC/OIT).

Touraine, Alain (1989). Palavra e Sangue. Política e Sociedade na América Latina (San Pablo: Editora da Universidade Estadual de Campinas).

Valenzuela, Arturo (1989). "Chile: Origins, Consolidation, and Breakdown of a Democratic Regime," pp. 159-206, en Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, y Seymour Martin Lipset (eds.), Democracy in Developing Countries Volume 4. Latin America (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).

Valenzuela, J. Samuel (2001). "Class Relations and Democratization: A Reassessment of Barrington Moore's Model," pp. 240-86, en Miguel Angel Centeno y Fernando López-Alves (eds.), The Other Mirror: Grand Theory Through the Lens of Latin America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press).

Villareal, René (1990). "The Latin American Strategy of Import Substitution: Failure or Paradigm for the Region?" pp. 292-320, en Gary Gereffi y Don Wyman (eds.), Manufactured Miracles: Paths of Industrialization in Latin America and East Asia (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Waisman, Carlos H. (1987). Reversal of Development in Argentina. Postwar Counterrevolutionary Policies and Their Structural Consequences (Princeton: Princeton University Press).

Waisman, Carlos H. (1992). "Capitalism, the Market, and Democracy," en Gary Marks y Larry Diamond (eds.), Reexamining Democracy (Newbury Park, CA.: Sage Publications).

Wilde, Alexander (1978). "Conversation among Gentlemen: Oligarchic Democracy in Colombia," pp. 28-81, en Juan Linz y Alfred Stepan (eds.), The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes. Latin America (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press).

Williams, Robert G. (1994). States and Social Evolution. Coffee and the Rise of National Governments in Central America (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).

Yashar, Deborah (1997). Demanding Democracy: Reform and Reaction in Costa Rica and Guatemala, 1870s-1950s (Stanford: Stanford University Press).

Zermeño, Sergio (1990). "Crisis, Neoliberalism, and Disorder," pp. 160-80, en Joe Foweraker y Ann Craig (eds.), Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Col.: Lynne Rienner Publishers).